It has been reported that KH-11s are equipped with a hydrazine-powered propulsion system for orbital adjustments. Early KH-11s were reported to be comparable in mass to the KH-9 HEXAGON, i.e. A NASA history of the Hubble, in discussing the reasons for switching from a 3-meter main mirror to a 2.4-meter design, states: "In addition, changing to a 2.4-meter mirror would lessen fabrication costs by using manufacturing technologies developed for military spy satellites".ĭifferent versions of the KH-11 vary in mass. Their length is believed to be 19.5 meters, with a diameter of up to 3 meters.
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KH-11s are believed to resemble the Hubble Space Telescope in size and shape, as the satellites were shipped in similar containers. They included i) solid state focal plane array, ii) integrated circuits for complex data processing, iii) large, fast optics with a 100-inch (2.54m) diameter f/2 primary mirror, iv) gigabit/s data link, v) long on-orbit operational lifetime for the imaging satellites, and vi) communication satellites to facilitate close-to-realtime downlink of the images. Initial design specifications Īccording to Lew Allen, the initial key design elements were specified by Edwin H. Design Ī Dynamical Test Unit of KH-11 (unconfirmed) Three Mirror Assembly. The satellites were reportedly stored in a clean room facility at ITT Exelis in Rochester, New York. These could either be spare hardware from the KH-11 program, or optics from the cancelled FIA program. In January 2011, NRO offered NASA two space optical systems with 2.4 m diameter primary mirrors, similar to the Hubble Space Telescope, yet with steerable secondary mirrors and shorter focal length resulting in a wider field of view. USA-224, the first of these two, was launched in early 2011 two years ahead of the initial schedule estimate. After the failure of the FIA in 2005, NRO ordered from Lockheed two additional legacy hardware KH-11s. In 1999, NRO selected Boeing as the prime contractor for the Future Imagery Architecture (FIA) program, aimed at replacing the KH-11 satellites by a more cost effective constellation of smaller, and also more capable reconnaissance satellites. The initial ground station for the processing of the electro-optical imaging was a secret National Reconnaissance Office facility in Area 58, later confirmed to be located in Fort Belvoir.
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ĭata is transmitted through a network of communications satellites the Satellite Data System (SDS). In November 1971, this codeword was changed to Kennen, which is Middle English for "to perceive". After a precursor EOI study with the codeword Zoster, President Nixon on 23 September 1971 approved the development of an EOI satellite under the initial codeword Zaman. The Film Read-Out KH-7 GAMBIT (FROG) served as NRO Program A's competitor to NRO Program B's initial electro-optical imagery (EOI) satellite. 2.7 Resolution and ground sample distance.embassy bombings and a 2019 photo, revealed by President Donald Trump, of a failed Iranian rocket launch. The satellites are believed to have been the source of some imagery of the Soviet Union and China made public in 1997 images of Sudan and Afghanistan made public in 1998 related to the response to the 1998 U.S. The capabilities of the KH-11 are highly classified, as are images they produce.
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The Key Hole series was officially discontinued in favor of a random numbering scheme after repeated public references to KH-7 GAMBIT, KH-8 GAMBIT 3, KH-9 HEXAGON, and KH-11 KENNEN satellites.
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Official budget documents refer to the latest generation of electro-optical satellites as Evolved Enhanced CRYSTAL System. Later KH-11 satellites have been referred to by outside observers as KH-11B or KH-12, and by the names "Advanced KENNEN", "Improved Crystal" and "Ikon". Manufactured by Lockheed in Sunnyvale, California, the KH-11 was the first American spy satellite to use electro-optical digital imaging, and so offer real-time optical observations. The KH-11 KENNEN (later renamed CRYSTAL, then Evolved Enhanced CRYSTAL System, and codenamed 1010 : 82 and Key Hole : 82 ) is a type of reconnaissance satellite first launched by the American National Reconnaissance Office in December 1976. A conceptual drawing based upon Hubble Space Telescope (HST) layout with internal views.